Yellow fever is typically classified into two main types: sylvatic (jungle) and urban.
Sylvatic Yellow Fever: This type occurs in forested areas and involves transmission between non-human primates and forest-dwelling mosquitoes. Humans can become infected when they enter these areas.
Urban Yellow Fever: This type occurs in densely populated areas, where the virus is transmitted from person to person by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which also transmits other diseases like dengue and Zika. Urban yellow fever outbreaks can lead to large-scale epidemics if not controlled.
Both types are caused by the same virus, but the mode of transmission and the populations affected differ.
Symptoms of yellow fever typically appear 3 to 6 days after infection and can include:
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches, particularly backache
Nausea and vomiting
Fatigue
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Decreased urination
Abdominal pain
Bleeding from the nose, mouth, and eyes (in severe cases)
Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and severe cases can lead to organ failure and death. If you suspect you have yellow fever, seek medical attention immediately.
There is no specific antiviral treatment for yellow fever. Treatment mainly focuses on relieving symptoms and providing supportive care. This may include:
Rest
Fluid replacement therapy to prevent dehydration
Pain relievers such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) for fever and muscle pain
Monitoring and treatment for complications such as liver or kidney failure
In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary, and patients may require intensive care. The best way to prevent yellow fever is through vaccination before traveling to areas where the disease is endemic.
To prevent yellow fever, consider taking the following precautions:
Vaccination: Get vaccinated against yellow fever at least 10 days before traveling to an area where the disease is endemic. The vaccine provides long-lasting protection and is required for entry into certain countries.
Avoid Mosquito Bites: Use insect repellent containing DEET, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and use mosquito nets or screens while sleeping to reduce the risk of mosquito bites.
Stay in Screened or Air-Conditioned Accommodations: Choose accommodations that are screened or air-conditioned to minimize exposure to mosquitoes.
Limit Outdoor Activities: Especially during dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active, and in areas with dense vegetation.
Empty Standing Water: Mosquitoes breed in standing water, so emptying containers like flowerpots, buckets, and birdbaths can reduce mosquito breeding sites around your home or accommodations.
Monitor Health: Be aware of the symptoms of yellow fever and seek medical attention if you develop any symptoms after traveling to an area where the disease is endemic.